Measuring Distance in Power BI Desktop

Among the many new BI features introduced with the recent release of the free version of the Microsoft Power BI desktop is the "new" trigonometric DAX functions such as SIN and COS. Of course, these functions have been around forever in Excel, but for some reason were not included in the first two major releases of Power Pivot. So, now they are available to the DAX language (and also in Excel 2016, if you have a spare computer handy to use in the preview version), and as such can be used to calculate straight-line distances between two points on the Earth as defined by their latitude and longitude coordinates.